Introduction
One of the most interesting, but also obscure and difficult parts of Kant’s critique is schematism. Every time I reflect on generalisation in Machine Learning and how concepts should be grounded, it always leads to the same central problem of schematism. Friedrich H. Jacobi said that schematism was “the most wonderful and most mysterious of all unfathomable mysteries and wonders …” [1], and Schopenhauer also said that it was “famous for its profound darkness, because nobody has yet been able to make sense of it” [1].
It is very rewarding, however, to realize that it is impossible to read Kant without relating much of his revolutionary philosophy to the difficult problems we are facing (and had always been) in AI, especially regarding generalisation. The first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (CPR) was published more than 240 years ago, therefore historical context is often required to understand Kant’s writing, and to make things worse there is a lot of debate and lack of consensus among Kant’s scholars, however, even with these difficulties, it is still one of the most relevant and worth reading works of philosophy today.